PIDGIN ENGLISH SPOKEN BY PAPUA NEW GUINEA PEOPLE IN YOUTUBE VIDEOS
Febrianus Wengkea, I
G. B. Wahyu Nugraha Putraa,
aMahasaraswati University, Denpasar
* febrianojansen768@gmail.com, wahyunugraha1980@yahoo.com, iwanindrawan300573@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This research deals with Pidgin English
spoken by Papua New Guineans found in YouTube videos. This study aims to
identify the types of sentences in Pidgin English used by the people of Papua
New Guinea and the differences between Pidgin English from Standard English.
This study uses qualitative methods to carry out a clear and organized
description of the problems identified. The data is taken from the narratives
of Papua New Guineans found in YouTube videos. Applying Muhlhausler's (1978)
theory to analyze the types of sentences used by Papua New Guineans found in
YouTube videos and theory by Aitchison (1991) to distinguish between Pidgin
English and Standard English. This study finds data based on the first study
problem about sentence types such as the equative sentence mi citizen bilong
la country 'We are the community on this country,' locative sentence yupela
from East Sepik Province 'you are from East Sepik Province,' intransitive
sentence mipela i simenim i go bek 'I am comment to return, and '
transitive sentence mi wokim ho na long em 'I am help them all.' The
data contained in the second problem of research on differences in Pidgin
English from Standard English such as the phonology em planti samting
'there are more,' the syntax so mi makim PNG 'so I marked PNG,' the dispela
is lexicon of 'this is/is.'
Key words; Pidgin English, Papua New Guinea, Standard English
INTRODUCTION
The need for
language in society as a liaison between human interactions in social life, that's
how it happens in language contact. It is the contact of two or three different
languages because they are used by people who may not be native speakers of
that language. It is a sociolinguistic situation in which two or more
languages, different linguistic elements, or varieties in language, are used
simultaneously or mixed with each other. One specific sociolinguistic condition
of contact language is known as Pidgin. Pidgin speakers utilize unsatisfactory
jargon and talk ungrammatically. Despite the fact that it's anything but a standard
language, pidgin could be perceived by individuals who are regularly with
regards to the collaboration. A large portion of pidgin dialects showed up in
social orders who do exchanging. It is utilized between unfamiliar individuals
to neighborhood individuals since it can fulfill each other connection while
changing the data about selling and purchasing, as most of pidgin languages
appeared in trading societies. According to Wardhaugh (in Jendra 2010; 148)
“a Pidgin is the product of a multilingual situation where those wishing to
communicate must invent or improvise simple code that allows them to do so. It
is a reduce variety of a normal language with simplification of the grammar and
vocabulary.”
In the case of
Pidgin language particularly on this study about Pidgin English from the basis
of English which is mixed in use, simplification, and even changes in structure
by the people of Papua New Guinea. That
was happen since the colonization and trade in the century, England with their
British English had influenced the community in Papua New Guinea. Pidgin
English was used as the business language for group controls, the goods, and
human labor being traded. The lexicon of the language was used to name both the
goods and the laborers being sold or indentured. The Pidgin language has
influenced Papua New Guinea since the 17th century. The Pidgin language spoken
in Papua New Guinea is called Tok Pisin or Pidgin Melanesian. Tok Pisin as
English pronunciation: /tɒk pɪsɪn/, in Tok Pisin: /ˌtok piˈsin/), is often
referred to by English speakers as "New Guinea Pidgin" or simply
"Pidgin." The Tok Pisin writing system uses the Latin script or the
Tok Pisin alphabet. The name "Tok" comes from the English
"talk", but can also mean "word", "speech", or
"language" and Pisin comes from the English word pidgin; the latter,
in turn, may derive from the word "business" as the language of
interethnic commerce. Higher linguistic diversity and deliberately cultivated
as a situation where pidgin is considered by the social, Cameroon and Papua New
Guinea still obtain this kind of situation.
The phenomenon of the pidgin language, especially the English pidgin language, is very interesting to be studied more deeply as in this study, it is based on reviewing previous research. Here the author found one of previous research taken from international journal. A previous study focused on "An Analysis the Use of Pidgin in Achebe’s Man of the People" written by Jane and Chiagozie (Volume 21, Issue 1, Ver. IV (Jan. 2016) PP 01-05). The data sources of this study take from A Man of the People Novel. On their study to analyze the problem of language expression when pidgin came into use, English had acquired some local coloring that made African literature very unique. The processing to accommodate the date, they taken convergence and divergence, that the theory of Giles and Coupland (1997). After that the data analyze using the textual analysis method. The author show the extent as the analysis used of pidgin to add aesthetic value to his literary work. Therefore, this research intends to analyze sentences in Pidgin English spoken by Papua New Guinea people in YouTube videos. The objectives of this research are identifying the types of sentences in Pidgin English spoken by the Papua New Guinea people found in YouTube videos. And identify the differences between Pidgin English sentences spoken by the Papua New Guinea people found in YouTube videos from Standard English.
METHODOLOGY
In this study,
the source of the data were taken from the communication of the people of Papua
New Guinea contained in the YouTube video. Taken from the YouTube video channel
EMTV Online, most of the news content takes place in PNG, some Papua New
Guineans use English as a pidgin language. Because at first English was not
their language of contact, so their English was influenced by British
colonialism. They pidginize English with affection of their mother tongue. The
data in this study were collected related to vocabulary and sentences through
searching YouTube videos uploaded by Papua New Guineans. The appreciation is to
watch and listen to the video over and over, after that pay attention to the
part of the video where Papua New Guineans speak Pidgin English to get the
data, and taking notes the data related to analysis. What's more is using the
English to Pidgin dictionary as a way to clearly define the data. The data were
analyzed based on Muhlhausler (1978), his theory to find out the types of
sentences in Pidgin English used by the people of Papua New Guinea. Likewise, the
theory of Aitchison (1991) clarifies the difference between Pidgin English and
Standard English. Using these two theories to answer and describe the data
based on the research problem, Pidgin English data were selected from vocabulary
and sentences. There are two methods to find presentations such as; formal and
informal methods. Formal methods of data can be presented in the form of
tables, charts, and graphs. Meanwhile, informal data can be presented
descriptively. Similarly, the findings of this study are presented through
informal methods. To answer and describe the data based on this research
problem, Pidgin English data were selected from vocabulary and sentences.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULT
In this study it
was found that 51 data were obtained during the study from two videos of the
YouTube channel EMTV News Online whose videos have Pidgin English spoken by
Papua New Guineans. In this type of sentence, 32 data were found, which
contained 8 equative data, 6 locative data, 7 intransitive data, and 11
transitive data. Likewise, the data contained in Pidgin English is different
from Standard English, totaling 19 data based on 7 phonological data, 7
syntactic data, and 5 lexicon data.
DISCUSSION
This section of
research is a discussion to describe the data found during the research in
YouTube videos. Regarding the problem of this research has been identified,
which results from the discussion of this section to answer the problem of
using Muhlhausler's (1978) theory to describe the data based on the type of
sentence. Also use Aitchison's (1991) theory of the difference between Pidgin
English and Standard English. To clarify the data, as previously mentioned,
several dictionaries from Pidgin English to Standard English were used. The
dictionaries used in this study include Glosbe Dictionary, Tok Pisin English
Dictionary, Merriam Webster Dictionary, Oxford English Dictionary, and
Cambridge Dictionary. Based on the data that has been found during the
research, the discussion is below.
Types of Sentence in Pidgin English use by Papua New Guinea People
Based on the
theory put forward by Muhlhausler (1978), the types of sentences can be divided
into four types, including the equative sentence, which is the type of sentence
used in linguistics which refers to the construction between two statements
that are equated with each other such as to describe someone who states a
sentence, locative sentence is a type of sentence. which usually has a locative
adverb that is used to describe the location of someone or something, an
intransitive sentence is a type of sentence that usually has an intransitive
verb to describe someone or something that is not an activity that does not
have a direct object, a transitive sentence is a type of sentence that usually
has a verb transitive to describe someone or something that does an activity
with a direct object.
Pidgin English
data by type of sentence was collected from speeches by the people of Papua New
Guinea in the YouTube video EMTV Online News with the video title "Sepik
Chiefs Disappointed with Grand Chief Sir Michael Somares Farewell." Even
the translator dictionary use to clarify data such as Glosbe Dictionary, Tok Pisin English Dictionary, Merriam Webster Dictionary, Oxford English
Dictionary, and Cambridge Dictionary. The types of sentences in Pidgin
English are discussed below.
Equative Sentence
Data 1
Mi la long olsem long kam up sensitive.
Should be,
‘I am also come up very sensitive.’
(Source; EMTV Online News YouTube Channel in “Sepik Chiefs Disappointed with Cancellation of Grand Chief Sir Michael Somares Farewell.” , 01; 05)
The sentence
above is classified as an equivalent sentence with the placement of the long olsem 'also' to equate a sentence that
becomes two statements in the same sentence. Even the speaker describes himself
as a sensitive person.
Locative Sentence
Data 2
Mipela long Sepik.
Should be,
‘We are
from Sepik.’
(Source; EMTV Online News YouTube Channel in “Sepik Chiefs Disappointed with Cancellation of Grand Chief Sir Michael Somares Farewell.” , 00; 19)
Based on the
data above, it is identified as a type of locative sentence, in which it is
noted that the speaker who states long
Sepik 'from Sepik' as the object or location of the speaker states if he
comes from Sepik. Likewise with Sepik which is one of the provinces in Papua
New Guinea.
Intransitive Sentence
Data 3
Mipela i go rises long la said la week.
Should be,
‘We research for
talking last week.’
(Source;
EMTV Online News YouTube Channel in “Sepik Chiefs Disappointed with
Cancellation of Grand Chief Sir Michael Somares Farewell.” , 01; 24)
The data above is found as an intransitive sentence because the sentence is identifying as not containing a direct object. But the sentence describes someone who does an activity as in the statement i go rise 'research.'
Transitive Sentence
Data 4
Olsem na tokim long em.
Should be,
‘Also tells to them.’
(Source; EMTV Online News YouTube Channel in “Sepik Chiefs Disappointed with Cancellation of Grand Chief Sir Michael Somares Farewell.” , 01; 54)
The data above
found as a transitive sentence where the sentence is identifying as containing
a direct object as in the state long em 'them/to them.' Even this sentence is
spoken to indicate the person receiving the action verb as in tokim long em 'tell them.'
Pidgin English Different from Standard English
As Aitchison
(1991) states, a pidgin is a finite language system that emerged to fulfill an
essential communication need between people who do not share a common language
and is usually based on one language, although it soon acquired a mix of other
languages, as well as independent language constructs. Incorporating his theory
in this research is used to discuss Pidgin English spoken by Papua New Guineans
found on YouTube videos that are different from Standard English.
When collecting
data on the use of Pidgin English in Papua New Guinea found on YouTube videos
and comparing it to Standard English, the most obvious case is ignorance of
grammar rules. Grammar as a system that makes language work plays an important
role in a language, because it shows whether the language is considered
grammatical or not. According to Aithchison (1991) Pidgin English is simpler
than ordinary languages, especially Standard English based on Phonology,
Syntax, and Lexicon. Including translator dictionaries used to clarify data
such as Glosbe Dictionary, Tok Pisin English Dictionary, Merriam Webster
Dictionary, Oxford English Dictionary, and Cambridge Dictionary. The
differences between Papua New Guinean Pidgin English and Standard English can
be discussed below.
Phonology
Data 5
Kontena lo we bek na go la Maprik small taun bilong mi.
Should be,
‘We lock the container to go back to my village in Maprik.’
(Source: EMTV Online News Channel in “A Women Group is Against Nationwide Haus Krai” 00; 39)
The data above
is found to be a form of phonological simplification, where some words in
Pidgin English are different from standard English, such as lok 'lock,' bek 'back,' taun 'town.'
However, the sound of these words is similar.
Syntax
Data 6
Em ol tu putim oda tu.
Should be,
‘Two of them put on order two.’
(Source: EMTV Online News Channel in “A Women Group is Against Nationwide Haus Krai” 01; 13)
Based on the
data, it has been identified as a syntax simplification due to the construction
of sentences using different verbs such as transitive and intransitive verbs.
Based on the two types of verbs related to the data above, such as putim construct of put + im as a typical
transitive verb to add the suffix im.
However, basically an intransitive verb whose construction does not add im, but instead contains an i particle in front of a verb such as i put.
Even the sentences based on the data above turn into intransitive verbs such as
em al oda tu i put 'two orders of
them put two.'
Lexicon
Data 7
Naripela samting.
Should be,
‘Something another.’
(Source: EMTV Online News Channel in “A Women Group is Against Nationwide Haus Krai” 01; 28)
The above data
is identified as a lexicon simplification because some Pidgin English words are
different from Standard English. Based on the data above as in Pidgin English samting is different from Standard
English 'something.' Which is where the standard English 'something' phoneme
[a] shifts, [e] and [th] merge into Pidgin English samting.
CONCLUSION
After completing the findings and discussion here the researcher concludes the study of Pidgin English spoken by Papua New Guineans in YouTube videos. This study has identified four types of Pidgin English sentences according to the theory proposed by Mulhausler, namely equative is a sentence to describe someone or something, locative is a sentence to express an adverb of someone or something, intransitive is a sentence to describe someone who does an action without an direct object, and transitive is sentence to describe someone who does an activity to another person or something that receives the action of the verb in the sentence. The differences between Pidgin English and Standard English have also been discussed using the theory proposed by Aitchison's theory. Based on this research, it was found that the simplification of sounds from the phonological aspect in Pidgin English is different from Standard English. There are two syntaxes in pidgin English that differ from Standard English such as transitive whose verbs have a suffix or ending im and intransitive whose in the front of verbs have a standing particle i, and there is not even a specific structure to describe tenses. Similarly, aspects of the lexicon are simplified in Pidgin English by combining and shifting some word units or phonemes from Standard English. Pidgin English or Tok Pisin as a language rose from contact language to communication by Papua New Guinean people calling English versus Papua New Guinea's native language to Pidgin or Tok Pisin.
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